QoS Categories Activeness-Aware Adaptive EDCA Algorithm for Dense IoT Networks

IEEE 802.11 networks have a great role to play in supporting and deploying of the Internet of Things (IoT). The realization of IoT depends on the ability of the network to handle a massive number of stations and transmissions, and to support Quality of Service (QoS). IEEE 802.11 networks enable the QoS by applying the Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) with static parameters regardless of existing network capacity or which Access Category (AC) of QoS is already active. Our objective in this paper is to improve the efficiency of the uplink access in 802.11 networks; therefore we proposed an algorithm called QoS Categories Activeness-Aware Adaptive EDCA Algorithm (QCAAAE) which adapts Contention Window (CW) size, and Arbitration Inter-Frame Space Number (AIFSN) values depending on the number of associated Stations (STAs) and considering the presence of each AC. For different traffic scenarios, the simulation results confirm the outperformance of the proposed algorithm in terms of throughput (increased on average 23%) and retransmission attempts rate (decreased on average 47%) considering acceptable delay for sensitive delay services.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figure

Precision farming solution in Egypt using the wireless sensor network technology

This paper gives an overview of the wireless sensor network, studies its application in precision farming, and its importance for improving the agriculture in Egypt. An example for using wireless sensor network in cultivating the potato crop in Egypt is given, and it is shown that the cost of the system with respect to the yearly benefit from exporting potato crop after recovering the loss from its export preventing (this loss is estimated to be 2 billion pounds which is the value of the potato export to Russia annually), after the expected consequence of increasing the yield size and quality, after the expected savings in the resources used in cultivation such as the fertilizer and irrigation water, and after recovering the monetary loss results from the harms caused by excessive use of pesticides, is acceptable, and it can be said that this cost can be recovered in one year. It is concluded that the APTEEN protocol is the most suitable routing strategy to precision farming and its network lifetime can reach 6.5 month which is a period more than the maximum value of the potato crop lifetime that estimated to be 120 day, but it is greater than the yearly cultivation period of potato in Egypt which reaches 6 month

Designing a local path repair algorithm for directed diffusion protocol

This paper proposes an implementation for the directed diffusion paradigm aids in studying this paradigm’s operations and evaluates its behavior according to this implementation. The directed diffusion is evaluated with respect to the loss percentage, lifetime, end-to-end delay, and throughput. From these evaluations some suggestions and modifications are proposed to improve the directed diffusion behavior according to this implementation with respect to these metrics. The proposed modifications reflect the effect of local path repair by introducing a technique called Loop-free Local Path Repair (LLPR) which improves the directed diffusion behavior especially with respect to packet loss percentage by about 92.69%. Also LLPR improves the throughput and end-to-end delay by about 55.31% and 14.06% respectively, while the lifetime decreases by about 29.79%

Intelligent Sleeping Mechanism for wireless sensor networks

In this paper, a Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Centralized Sleeping Protocol (LEACH-CS) for wireless sensor networks has been proposed. LEACH-CS extends the lifetime of wireless sensor networks by proposing a mechanism that performs an intelligent choice of functioning nodes depending on the data sensed at the time being. If the data received from certain clusters appears insignificant in a period of time, these clusters are set to sleeping mode till the next data round. An algorithm named Intelligent Sleeping Mechanism (ISM) has been proposed for choice of nodes modes of functionality. When comparing LEACH-CS to the famous LEACH-C protocol through simulations, LEACH-CS succeeds in extending the lifetime of the network by on average 35% more than LEACH-C through network scaling and minimizing the end-to-end delay of data sending by an average 50% less than LEACH-C. LEACH-CS has been proposed for cultivation applications, where conditions may remain stable for a while and are not critical from one second to the other

An Optimized Energy-aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Because sensor nodes typically are battery-powered and in most cases it may not be possible to change or recharge batteries, the key challenge in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) design is the energy-efficiency and how to deal with the trade-off between it and the QoS parameters required by some applications. This paper studies the QoS of an energy-efficient cluster-based routing protocol called Energy-Aware routing Protocol (EAP) in terms of lifetime, delay, loss percentage, and throughput, and proposes some modifications on it to enhance its performance. The modified protocol offers better characteristics in terms of packets loss, delay, and throughput, but slightly affects lifetime negatively. Simulation results showed that the modified protocol significantly outperforms EAP in terms of packet loss percentage by on average 93.4%

Designing a Channel Access Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Network

Although there are various Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols proposed for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), there is no protocol accepted as a standard specific to it. This paper deals with completing the design of our previously proposed MAC for WSN by proposing a channel access mechanism (CAM). The CAM is based on developing a backoff mechanism which mainly differentiates nodes’ backoffs depending on their different identification numbers, and it employs a performance tuning parameter for reaching a required performance objective. The probability distribution of the backoff period is constructed and Markov chain modeling is used to analyze and evaluate the CAM against the IEEE802.15.4 slotted CSMA/CA based on single- and multihop communication with respect to the reliability, the average delay, the power consumption, and the throughput. The analysis reveals that the required performance of CAM against the IEEE slotted CSMA/CA can be obtained by choosing the maximum backoff stages number and the tuning parameter value and that CAM performs better than the IEEE with larger nodes number. The multihop scenario results in a good end-to-end performance of CAM with respect to the reliability and delay becomes better with lengthier paths at the expense of increasing the energy consumption

Shared Sensor Networks Fundamentals, Challenges, Opportunities, Virtualization Techniques, Comparative Analysis, Novel Architecture and Taxonomy

The rabid growth of today’s technological world has led us to connecting every electronic device worldwide together, which guides us towards the Internet of Things (IoT). Gathering the produced information based on a very tiny sensing devices under the umbrella of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The nature of these networks suffers from missing sharing among them in both hardware and software, which causes redundancy and more budget to be used. Thus, the appearance of Shared Sensor Networks (SSNs) provides a real modern revolution in it. Where it targets making a real change in its nature from domain specific networks to concurrent running domain networks. That happens by merging it with the technology of virtualization that enables the sharing feature over different levels of its hardware and software to provide the optimal utilization of the deployed infrastructure with a reduced cost. This article is concerned with surveying the idea of SSNs, the difference between it and the traditional WSNs, the requirements for its construction, challenges facing it, and the opportunities that are provided by it, then describing our proposed architectures. As a result of using virtualization technology as a basic block in building SSNs, using different types of virtualization will produce different types of SSNs that will give different usages to it. This article proposes a novel approach of taxonomy for SSNs that is based on the used virtualization techniques, and it describes the needs and usages of each one. It presents a wide array of previously proposed solutions comparing them to each other and a brief description of the issues addressed by each category of that taxonomy. Additionally, the shared sensor architecture and shared network architecture were depicted. Finally, some of its applications in some daily life fields are listed